Microfiltration (MF) A low-pressure process for the retention of suspended material particle size of 0.08 m or larger. Smaller particles (salts, sugars and proteins, for example) pass through the membrane. Typical operating pressures range from 5 to 45 psi (.34 – 3 bar).
Membrane bioreactors (MBR) combine MF or UF and a bioreactor for biological treatment.
ULTRAFILTRATION (UF)
Ultrafiltration (UF) A medium-pressure process offering retention of proteins, colloids and biological material including particles 0.005 m or larger (molecular weight
greater than 1000 Dalton). Typical operating pressures
range from 7 to 150 psi (.48 – 10 bar).
NANOFILTRATION (NF)
Nanofiltration (NF) Also known as “loose” RO rejecting constituents in the 0.01 – 0.001 m range. Water and monovalent ions, as well as low molecular weight substances (less than 250 Dalton) pass through NF membranes. Divalent or multivalent ions, such as divalent salts, are retained. Operating pressures between 120 and 600 psi (8 – 41 bar) are typical.
REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO)
Reverse Osmosis (RO) A high-pressure process that retains almost all particles and ionic species, while water and some organic molecules pass through. Substances with molecular weight above 50 Dalton are retained almost without exception. Operating pressures are typically between 300 and 850 psi (21 -59 bar), but may exceed 1200 psi (83 bar) in some applications as seawater desalination.
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